Controlling Damping-Off Diseases with IPM (2024)

3/21/2012

Dr. Mark Howieson

Controlling Damping-Off Diseases with IPM (1)Most growers will agree that damping-off can cause extensive plant damage or loss with little warning. Because disease spreads easily through irrigation and other common management practices, damping-off is a common disease complex encountered in greenhouse production settings.

Root rot/damping off in Impatiens spp. Photo courtesy of the Department of Plant Pathology Archive, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org.

The term “damping-off” actually describes underground, soil line or crown rots of seedlings. Damping off can be caused by several organisms, but soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. are most common in greenhouse settings.

Seeds and young plants are most susceptible to damping-off. Infected seeds often decay prior to emergence, resulting in low stand counts, which can be confused with poor seed viability. Post emergent damping-off symptoms in young plants appear when diseased seedlings are girdled by lesions at or near the soil line, resulting in poor growth and vigor, and often death.

As with other greenhouse pests, many growers have discovered that damping-off is best controlled by developing and utilizing an integrated pest management (IPM) program. Common IPM practices include frequent scouting and monitoring, coupled with cultural, biological and chemical control options when necessary.

RhizoctoniaControlling Damping-Off Diseases with IPM (2) damping-off, blight and rot in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Hansen, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Bugwood.org.

Cultural controls
Disease prevention begins with proper greenhouse sanitation. Implementing preventative cultural practices that limit disease development is crucial, as curative control is often difficult and inconsistent.

Pathogens responsible for causing damping-off naturally occur in peat moss and other growing media. Use sterilized, blended growing media to provide good drainage, aeration and water-holding capacity. Thoroughly sanitize seedling trays, benches, hand tools and other equipment that will come in contact with seeds, growing media or trays. Common disinfectants for these surfaces include diluted bleach or hydrogen dioxide solutions.

Quality plant material and proper growing conditions can limit disease development. Damping-off is favored by wet soil environments and stressed plants. Manage fertilization, irrigation and greenhouse environment to maximize plant growth and development.

Because weak seedlings are more susceptible to damping-off than vigorously growing plants, make sure you begin production cycles with quality seed and transplants from a reputable source. Follow university or seed producer-recommended fertility programs to provide balanced growth and nutrition to plants.

Schedule irrigation to allow soil or growing media to dry slightly between watering, but not dry enough to stress young seedlings. While wet soil encourages spread and development of damping-off, drought stress may increase plant susceptibility to some damping-off pathogens.

Manage greenhouse environmental conditions to regulate airflow to limit leaf wetness and humidity, while maintaining appropriate temperatures.

Biological controls
Several biological control agents (BCAs) are available for preventative control of damping-off diseases in commercial greenhouses. Commonly used BCAs include fungi from the genus Trichoderma or Gliocladium, or bacteria like Bacillus subtilis or B. pumilus as active ingredients.

These microbial BCAs have multiple mechanisms, or modes of action, by which they prevent disease development. Mechanisms include parasitism, competitive displacement, metabolite development or induced systemic resistance (ISR).

Parasitism: Many BCAs attack or parasitize damping-off pathogens directly, using the pathogens as a food source and limiting pathogen population density.

Competitive displacement: Growing media and plant root surfaces are often nutrient- and resource-limited environments. BCAs that rapidly colonize soil and root surfaces compete with damping-off pathogens for nutrients and plant exudates. By limiting availability of these essential resources, BCAs restrict pathogen growth.

Metabolite development: Some microbial BCAs produce metabolites that can interfere with normal growth and development of damping-off pathogens. Many of these metabolites are antibiotics and enzymes, but additional novel compounds continue to be discovered.

ISR: Application of some microbial BCAs can stimulate a plant’s “immune system,” which limits the ability of damping-off pathogens to infest treated plants. This ISR response often results in more vigorous root and shoot growth, as well.

As with any pest control product, it’s always necessary to follow product label directions. In most instances, initial applications of microbial BCAs should be made early in the production cycle for more efficient control of damping-off diseases.

Applications at the time of seeding, sticking or transplanting afford the best opportunity for BCAs to rapidly colonize developing root tissue and limit damping-off development though competitive displacement.

Control of damping-off pathogens by metabolite development and parasitism mechanisms is generally most efficient under low to moderate disease pressure, usually present early in the cropping cycle.

Today, commercial BCAs can be applied with conventional equipment, usually with few changes in management practices or application strategies. However, BCAs contain living organisms that may require special considerations for the most effective control.

Conventional, synthetic fungicides used to control plant pathogens may affect some BCAs, especially fungal-based products. Consult the product label or contact the manufacturer to verify compatibility prior to tank mixing or making applications of conventional fungicides prior to, or after, applications of fungal-based BCAs.

Special storage conditions, such as refrigeration, are required to maximize shelf life of some BCAs. Again, contact the manufacturer or consult the product label for information to determine if special storage conditions are required.

Chemical controls
In most instances, development and implementation of a damping-off control program based on proper sanitation, sound cultural practices and preventative applications of BCAs are sufficient to maintain disease below economic thresholds.

However, when environmental conditions and disease pressure are high, applications of conventional fungicides may ensure commercially sustainable productivity. Regular scouting and close monitoring of disease progress will help determine if curative applications of conventional fungicides are necessary.

Several conventional fungicides effectively control damping-off pathogens, including metalaxyl, etridiazol, thiophanate-methyl and iprodione. Consult the product label before making applications, to ensure that it’s labeled for use on the potential crop or pathogen.

Integrating cultural, biological and chemical controls
Resistance management is a primary motivation for many growers to adapt cultural changes and BCAs for pest control. Damping-off pathogens can develop resistance to conventional fungicides due to overuse and heavy reliance on one active ingredient or mode of action.

Using microbial-based BCAs in conjunction with conventional fungicides helps reduce the number of applications needed to provide acceptable levels of disease control, and thereby, decreases the likelihood of pathogens developing resistance.

Preventative control efforts are essential to a sustainable damping-off management program. In many instances, utilizing proper sanitation, balanced plant nutrition, appropriate environmental control and preventative applications of BCAs are sufficient to reduce, or even eliminate, damping-off.

Microbial BCAs are most efficient when applied preventatively early in the production period, typically at the time of seeding or transplanting. Apply judicious, curative applications of effective conventional fungicides only as needed to ensure economically sustainable production, limiting opportunities for development of fungicide resistance and extending the useful life of many effective plant protectant chemistries. GT

Dr. Mark Howieson is a technical team Leader at Becker Underwood. Mark’s team develops and supports products intended for applications in horticulture and specialties industries, including Nemasys and Millenium beneficial nematodes, Subtilex NG biological pesticide and Sprint iron chelates.

Manejo Integrado de la marchitez temprana

La mayoría de los floricultores concuerdan en que la marchitez temprana o “damping-off” puede causar graves daños y pérdidas sin previo aviso. Puesto que la enfermedad se dispersa fácilmente a través del riego y otras prácticas comunes de manejo, les frecuente encontrar este grupo de enfermedades en los ambientes de invernadero.

El término “marchitez temprana” describe un conjunto de pudriciones que atacan las plántulas, a nivel del suelo o de la corona. Pueden ser causadas por diversos organismos, pero los patógenos asociados al suelo tales como Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Rhizoctonia solani y Fusarium spp. son los más comunes en los invernaderos.
Las semillas y las plantas jóvenes son las más susceptibles a la marchitez temprana; las semillas infectadas con frecuencia se pudren antes de nacer, afectando la germinación y confundiéndose con mala viabilidad en las semillas. Los síntomas de la marchitez temprana en plantas jóvenes se manifiestan con la presencia de lesiones cerca o a nivel del suelo que estrangulan el tallo y resultan en un crecimiento pobre, falta de vigor y aún la muerte de la planta.

Al igual que con otras plagas de las plantas de invernadero, muchos productores han descubierto que la mejor manera de controlar la marchitez temprana es a través de un programa de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIPE). Entre las prácticas comunes que incluyen dichos programas se encuentran un monitoreo frecuente combinado con opciones de control cultural, biológico y químico según sea necesario.

Controles culturales
La prevención de enfermedades comienza con un buen saneamiento del invernadero. La implementación de prácticas culturales preventivas que limiten el desarrollo de enfermedades es crucial, ya que los controles curativos son con frecuencia difíciles e inconsistentes.

Los patógenos responsables de la marchitez temprana ocurren naturalmente en la turba y otros medios de cultivo. Utilice sustratos esterilizados, y bien mezclados para asegurar un buen drenaje, aeración y capacidad de retención de agua. Limpie completamente las bandejas de germinación, bancos, herramientas manuales y otros implementos que puedan entrar en contacto con las semillas, el sustrato o las bandejas. Entre los desinfectantes que se usan comúnmente para estas superficies se encuentran el blanqueador diluido y las soluciones de peróxido de hidrógeno.

Un material vegetal de buena calidad, acompañado de óptimas condiciones de cultivo puede limitar el desarrollo de la enfermedad. La marchitez temprana es favorecida por los suelos mojados y las plantas estresadas. Maneje la fertilización, el riego y el ambiente del invernadero para asegurar un óptimo crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas.
Puesto que las plántulas débiles son más susceptibles a la marchitez temprana que aquellas que crecen vigorosamente, asegúrese de iniciar los ciclos de producción con semilla de buena calidad o plántulas que provengan de una fuente reconocida. Siga programas de fertilización recomendados por universidades o productores de semillas que suministren una nutrición balanceada a sus plantas.

Programe el riego de manera que el suelo o sustrato alcance a secarse ligeramente entre una y otra sesión, pero no tanto que alcance a estresar las plántulas. Mientras que el suelo mojado promueve la dispersión y el desarrollo de la marchitez temprana, el estrés hídrico puede aumentar la susceptibilidad de algunas plantas a algunos de los patógenos causantes de esta enfermedad.

Maneje las condiciones del invernadero para regular el flujo de aire de manera que se reduzcan la humedad y el follaje mojado, a la vez que se mantienen temperaturas apropiadas.

Controles biológicos
Existen varios agentes de control biológico (ACBs) para el control preventivo de la marchitez temprana en los invernaderos comerciales, que tienen como ingrediente activo hongos de los géneros Trichoderma o Gliocladium, y bacterias como Bacillus subtilis o B. pumilus entre otros.

Estos ACBs microbianos poseen múltiples mecanismos o modos de acción, mediante los cuales evitan el desarrollo de la enfermedad, incluyendo parasitismo, desplazamiento competitivo, desarrollo de metabolitos o resistencia sistémica inducida (RSI).

Parasitismo: Muchos ACBs atacan o parasitan directamente los hongos causantes de la marchitez temprana, usándolos como fuente de alimentación y limitando así su densidad poblacional.

Desplazamiento competitivo: Los sustratos y las superficies de las raíces son muchas veces ambientes donde los nutrientes y recursos son limitados. Los ACBs capaces de colonizar rápidamente el suelo y las raíces, compiten con los patógenos por los nutrientes y exudados vegetales, y al limitar estos recursos restringen su crecimiento.

Desarrollo de metabolitos: Algunos ACBs microbianos producen metabolitos que pueden interferir con el crecimiento y desarrollo de los patógenos causantes de la marchitez temprana. Muchos de estos metabolitos son antibióticos y enzimas, pero se siguen descubriendo compuestos nuevos.

RSI: La aplicación de algunos ACBs puede estimular el “sistema inmune” de las plantas, lo que limita la capacidad de los patógenos para infestar las plantas tratadas. Esta respuesta RSI también con frecuencia conduce a un crecimiento más vigoroso en la planta.

Como sucede con cualquier producto para el control de plagas, siempre es necesario seguir las direcciones de la etiqueta. En la mayoría de los casos, las aplicaciones iniciales de ACBs microbianos deben hacerse al inicio del ciclo de producción para obtener un control más eficiente de la marchitez temprana.

Las aplicaciones al momento de sembrar las semillas o transplantar esquejes o plántulas ofrecen la mejor oportunidad para que los ACBs colonicen rápidamente el tejido radical en desarrollo y limiten el crecimiento de los patógenos por desplazamiento competitivo.

El control de patógenos mediante el desarrollo de metabolitos y mecanismos de parasitismo generalmente es más eficiente bajo una presión de enfermedad baja a moderada, usualmente presente al inicio del ciclo de producción.

En la actualidad, los ACBs comerciales pueden aplicarse con equipos convencionales, usualmente con pocos cambios en las prácticas de manejo o aplicación. Sin embargo, los ACBs son organismos vivos que pueden requerir consideraciones especiales para lograr una eficiencia óptima.

Los fungicidas sintéticos convencionales utilizados para controlar los patógenos de las plantas pueden afectar algunos ACBs, especialmente cuando se componen de hongos. Consulte la etiqueta del producto o contacte al fabricante para verificar la compatibilidad con los fungicidas convencionales antes de hacer mezclas en tanque o realizar aplicaciones de ACBs que contengan hongos.

Para maximizar la visa útil de algunos ACBs se requieren condiciones especiales de almacenamiento tales como refrigeración. Nuevamente, contacte al fabricante o consulte la etiqueta del producto para obtener información sobre condiciones especiales de almacenamiento.

Controles químicos
En la mayoría de los casos, el desarrollo e implementación de un programa de control para la pudrición temprana basado en un saneamiento apropiado, sólidas prácticas culturales y aplicaciones preventivas de ACBs son suficientes para mantener la enfermedad por debajo del umbral económico.

Sin embargo, cuando las condiciones ambientales favorecen y la presión de enfermedad es alta, las aplicaciones de fungicidas pueden asegurar una producción comercialmente sostenible. El monitoreo rutinario y un seguimiento cuidadoso del desarrollo de la enfermedad ayudarán a determinar si son necesarias aplicaciones curativas de fungicidas convencionales.

Varios fungicidas convencionales controlan eficientemente la marchitez temprana, incluyendo el metalaxyl, etridiazol, thiopfanato-metil e iprodione. Consulte la etiqueta del producto antes de realizar aplicaciones, para asegurarse de que está registrado para uso en el cultivo potencial o patógeno a controlar.

Integración de controles culturales, biológicos y químicos
El manejo de la Resistencia es la principal motivación para que muchos productores adopten cambios culturales y ACBs para el control de plagas. Los patógenos causantes de la marchitez temprana pueden desarrollar resistencia a los fungicidas convencionales como consecuencia del uso excesivo y la dependencia en un ingrediente activo o modo de acción.

El uso de ACBs microbianos junto con fungicidas convencionales ayuda a reducir el número de aplicaciones necesarias para lograr niveles aceptables de control, y por lo tanto reduce la posibilidad de que los patógenos desarrollen resistencia.

Las medidas de control preventivo son esenciales en un programa de manejo de marchitez temprana. En muchos casos, la conjunción de un buen saneamiento, una nutrición vegetal balanceada, un control ambiental apropiado y aplicaciones preventivas de ACBs son suficientes para reducir o aún eliminar la marchitez temprana.

Los ACBs microbianos son más eficientes cuando se aplican al inicio del período de producción, típicamente al momento de sembrar las semillas o hacer el transplante. Realice aplicaciones curativas de fungicidas convencionales solamente cuando sea necesario para asegurar una producción económicamente sostenible, limitando las oportunidades para que se desarrolle Resistencia a los mismos y extendiendo la vida útil de muchos productos para la protección de cultivos. GT

El Dr. Mark Howieson es director de equipo técnico en Becker Underwood. El equipo de Mark desarrolla y apoya productos destinados para aplicación en la horticultura, que incluyen nematodos benéficos Nemasys y Millenium, pesticidas biológicos Subtilex NG y quelatos de hierro Sprint.

Controlling Damping-Off Diseases with IPM (2024)

FAQs

How do you control damping-off disease in plants? ›

Damping-off is controlled primarily through good sanitation, high quality planting material, and proper cultural and environmental controls. Damping-off is worse when soil is wet or compacted. Prepare planting beds so that the soil has good drainage.

What are the diseases of damping-off? ›

Damping off is caused by several soil-borne fungi and fungus-like organisms including Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium, which infect seedlings and cause them to 'damp off' or collapse and decay.

How can damping-off be prevented? ›

Preventing and managing the disease

Sterilize all used pots and trays in a solution of 10% household bleach by soaking for 30 minutes. Use new potting mix to fill trays. Don't reuse potting mix and don't use garden soil or compost. Clean all tools that will be used in planting and maintenance of the seedlings.

Which fungicide control damping-off disease? ›

Several applications of the fungicide may be necessary, If the specific fungus causing damping-off is not known, one broad spectrum fungicide (captan or ferbam), two specific fungicides (benomyl plus, etridiazole or metalaxyl) or a prepared combination of fungicides (etridiazole + thiophanate methyl) should be used.

What are the three methods of controlling plant disease? ›

Traditional Principles of Plant Disease Control. Avoidance—prevent disease by selecting a time of the year or a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment is not favorable for infection. Exclusion—prevent the introduction of inoculum. Eradication—eliminate, destroy, or inactivate the inoculum.

How do you use hydrogen peroxide to prevent damping off? ›

If you've had damping off problems in the past, start with new containers. If reusing containers, scrub debris off with soap and water and/or run through the dishwasher. Then soak them in a weak bleach (100 mL/1 L water) or hydrogen peroxide (10 mL of 3%/1 L water) solution for 20 minutes, rinse, then air dry.

Is there a cure for damping-off? ›

Occasionally, white/pink/gray cottony fungus may appear at the base of the stem. The fungi that cause damping-off are ubiquitous and can multiply and readily infect seedling when conditions favor their development. There is no recommended cure for damping off.

What is the main cause of damping-off? ›

Damping-off is caused by a number of seed- and soil-borne fungi and funguslike oomycetes, including Rhizoctonia solani, Aphanomyces cochlioides, and species of Pythium, Phytophthora, Botrytis, Fusarium, Cylindrocladium, Diplodia, Phoma, and Alternaria.

What is damping-off primarily caused by? ›

Damping-off is primarily caused by Pythium spp. Seedlings affected by damping-off fail to emerge or fall over and die soon after emergence. Stems usually have a dark, shriveled portion at the soil line.

How do you improve damping? ›

One of the most effective methods to improve the damping performance of power systems is power system stabilizers (PSS). PSS are devices that are installed in the generators to provide supplementary feedback signals to the excitation systems.

What bacteria causes damping-off? ›

The pathogens most commonly responsible for damping-off are Pythium species and Rhizoctonia solani. Other pathogens that may be involved are Phytophthora, Fusarium and Aphanomyces. Many other fungi and some bacteria can cause damping-off symptoms when carried in or on the seed.

Will heavy rain wash away fungicide? ›

Both contact and systemic fungicides may also be susceptible to some level of wash-off within 12 hours of application. The intensity of the rainfall is also important: one inch of rainfall during a 1-hour period results in greater loss of pesticide efficacy than a slow drizzle lasting several hours.

Is Pythium the same as damping off? ›

Pests in Gardens and Landscapes

and water molds such as Pythium, thrive under wet soil conditions. Infected roots become soft, mushy, darkened, and decayed. Water mold fungi also cause "damping-off," the death of seedlings that collapse at the soil line under damp conditions.

What fungicide for Pythium control? ›

etridiazole (Terrazole, Truban and Banrot) mefenoxam (Subdue MAXX - resistance is possible) fluopicolide (Adorn - remember to follow label directions to tank mix with another effective fungicide)

Does bottom watering prevent damping-off? ›

If the soil is noticeably wet, don't water. If the soil has dried out, proceed with watering. The best watering method to prevent damping off in seedlings and encourage healthy root development is bottom watering. Read this blog post for more information on bottom watering.

What is the biological control of damping-off? ›

There are dozens of biocontrol products to control damping-off worldwide and most of them are based on antagonist fungi, including Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. or bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp.

Does copper fungicide prevent damping-off? ›

Watering with a chemical that controls damping-off provides water for plants and chemicals for disease protection. Copper drenches, such as C-O-C-S and tribasic copper sulfates, are often listed first because they can be safely and effectively applied to many kinds of vegetables. Mix 1 oz copper dust with 3 gal water.

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